As life insurance and assurance became more common, companies that offered coverage ran into in problems in the 18th and 19th century. Part 2 also covers how Insurance has been used by gamblers as a grisly amusement.

Research:

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• Bellhouse, David R. “A New Look at Halley’s Life Table.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.” 174, Part 3, pp. 823–832. 2011. https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/hanley/c609/material/BellhouseHalleyTable2011JRSS.pdf


• Bennetts, N., (2019). MORGAN, WILLIAM (1750 - 1833), actuary and scientist. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 22 Dec 2023, from https://biography.wales/article/s12-MORG-WIL-1750


• Boyce, Niall. “Bills of Mortality: tracking disease in early modern London.” The Lancet. April 11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30725-X


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• CLARK, GEOFFREY. “Life Insurance in the Society and Culture of London, 1700-75.” Urban History, vol. 24, no. 1, 1997, pp. 17–36. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44612859


• de Roover, Florence Edler. “Early Examples of Marine Insurance.” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 5, no. 2, 1945, pp. 172–200. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114075


• Fouse, L. G. “Policy Contracts in Life Insurance.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 26, 1905, pp. 29–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1011003


• “James Dodson’s tables of premiums, 1756.” Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. https://www.actuaries.org.uk/learn-and-develop/research-and-knowledge/library-services/historical-collections/archive-equitable-life-assurance-society/highlights-equitable-life-archive/james-dodson-s-tables-premiums-1756


• Eggen, Olin Jeuck. "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Dec. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmond-Halley


• Greenwood, Major. “The First Life Table.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. October 31, 1938. Volume 1, Issue 2. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsnr.1938.0017


• Harford, Tim. “What makes gambling wrong but insurance right ?” BBC News. March 20, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38905963


• Ivry, David A. “Historical Development of Some Basic Life Insurance Terminology.” The Journal of Insurance, vol. 28, no. 3, 1961, pp. 65–69. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/250376


• Lewin, Chris. “The Creation of Actuarial Science.” ZDM – Mathematics Education. 2001. Vol. 33. https://subs.emis.de/journals/ZDM/zdm012i2.pdf


• Ogborn, M.E. “The Professional Name of Actuary.” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries. 1956. https://web.archive.org/web/20081217144303/http://www.actuaries.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/25382/0233-0246.pdf


• Rose, I. Nelson. “How Insurance Became (Mostly) Not Gambling.” Gaming Law Review and Economics.Nov 2014.864-872.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.1892


• ROWELL, A. H. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), vol. 88, no. 3, 1962, pp. 387–89. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41139514. Accessed 27 Dec. 2023.


• Thomas, R., & Chambers, Ll. G., (1959). PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791), philosopher. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. Retrieved 27 Dec 2023, from https://biography.wales/article/s-PRIC-RIC-1723


• “Actuary Overview.” Best Jobs. U.S. News and World Report. https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/actuary


• Walford, Cornelius. “History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom.” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries and Assurance Magazine, vol. 25, no. 2, 1885, pp. 114–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41135809


• Walford, Cornelius. “History of Life Assurance in the United Kingdom (Concluded).” Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (1886-1994), vol. 26, no. 6, 1887, pp. 436–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41136141


• Whittle, Matt. “How To Become An Actuary: Responsibilities, Practice Areas And Certifications.” Forbes. Nov. 29, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/education/become-an-actuary/

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